The study begins with 495 identified applications and then examines granted patents in greater detail, showing that most of the activity is concentrated in hydrogen production, followed by end-use applications and storage.

The main conclusion is that Latin America appears to be more of a recipient of technologies developed abroad than an active generator of its own innovation. Patents are concentrated among foreign multinationals, with limited local and university involvement, thereby reinforcing the risks of technological dependence and external value capture. The study, however, identifies areas of opportunity for industrial policy, technology transfer, regional cooperation, and local innovation, particularly in technologies that remain poorly protected in the region.